Medical Toxicology

This is a two volume set made up of Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances (978-0-471-72761-3) and Medical Toxicology of Drugs Abuse (978-0-471-72760-6) Interest and information in the field of Medical Toxicology has grown rapidly, but medical literature lacks a concise, authoritative reference work on Medical Toxicology that focuses on the four subjects of Natural Substances and Drugs of Abuse. The books provide an in-depth, sub-specialty resource on Medical Toxicology that does not compete directly with a general medical toxicology book. This approach is particularly relevant in the field of Medical Toxicology where there are many allied fields (e.g., industrial hygiene, governmental agencies, legal profession, occupational medicine, pharmacy, environmental organizations, pathology). These allied fields often do not use the majority of information in a general medical toxicology book. The style of the book allows the easy application of the contents to searchable databases and other electronic products. Medical Toxicology of Drugs Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants This book provides a broad reference covering important drugs of abuse including amphetamines, opiates, and steroids. It also covers psychoactive plants such as caffeine, peyote, and psilocybin. It provides chemical structures, analytical methods, clinical features, and treatments of these drugs of abuse, serving as a highly useful, in-depth supplement to a general medical toxicology book. The style allows for the easy application of the contents to searchable databases and other electronic products, making this an essential resource for practitioners in medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, occupational medicine, pharmaceuticals, environmental organizations, pathology, and related fields. Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals There has never been a concise, authoritative reference focused on the subjects of natural substances, chemical and physical toxins, drugs of abuse, and pharmaceutical overdoses. Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances finally gives you an easily accessible resource for vital toxicological information on foods, plants, and animals in key areas in the natural environment. CONTENTS PART 1 FOODBORNE and MICROBIAL TOXINS. I Chemical Contamination and Additives (Cyrus Rangan, MD, FAAP). 1 Food Contamination. 2 Food Additives and Sensitivities. II Staples and Spices. 3 Akee Fruit and Jamaican Vomiting Sickness (Blighia sapida Köenig). 4 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Species). 5 Cyanogenic Foods (Cassava, Fruit Kernels, and Cycad Seeds). 6 Cycad Seeds and Chronic Neurologic Disease (Cycas Species). 7 Djenkol Bean [Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen]. 8 Grass Pea and Neurolathyrism (Lathyrus sativus L.). 9 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.). 10 Pepper and Capsaicin (Capsicum and Piper Species). 11 Potatoes, Tomatoes, and Solanine Toxicity (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum lycopersicum L.). 12 Rhubarb and Oxalosis (Rheum Species). III Microbes. A Bacteria (Cyrus Rangan, MD, FAAP). 13 Bacillus cereus. 14 Campylobacter jejuni. 15 Clostridium botulinum (Botulism). 16 Clostridium perfringens. 17 Escherichia coli. 18 Listeria monocytogenes. 19 Salmonella. 20 Shigella Species (Shiga Enterotoxins). 21 Staphylococcus aureus. 22 Streptococcus Species. 23 Vibrio Species. 24 Yersinia enterocolitica. B Other Microbes. 25 Cyanobacteria. 26 Protozoa and Intestinal Parasites. 27 Gastrointestinal Viruses. IV Seafood. 28 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning and Domoic. 29 Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning and Azaspiracid Toxins. 30 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning and Okadaic Acid. 31 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning and Brevetoxins. 32 Paralytic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Saxitoxins. 33 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning and Ciguatoxins. 34 Puffer Fish Poisoning and Tetrodotoxin. 35 Red Whelk and Tetramine. 36 Scombroid Fish, Scombrotoxin, and Histamine. PART 2 FUNGAL TOXINS. I Mushrooms. 37 Amatoxin-Containing Mushrooms. 38 False Morel and Gyromitrin Poisoning. 39 Gastroenteritis-Producing Mushrooms. 40 Inky Cap and Coprine Toxicity [Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr.]. 41 Isoxazole-Containing Mushrooms and Pantherina Syndrome (Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina). 42 Muscarine-Containing Mushrooms and Muscarine Toxicity (Clitocybe and Inocybe Species). 43 Orellanine-Containing Mushrooms and Nephrotoxicity (Cortinarius Species). 44 Paxillus and Other Mushroom Syndromes. II Mycotoxins. 45 Mycotoxins. PART 3 MEDICINAL HERBS and ESSENTIAL OILS. I Medicinal Herbs. 46 Aloe Vera [Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.]. 47 Aristolochic Acid and Chinese Herb Nephropathy. 48 Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.). 49 Blue Cohosh [Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.]. 50 Borage (Borago officinalis L.). 51 Burdock Root (Arctium lappa L.). 52 Calamus (Acorus calamus L.). 53 Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora T. Nees & Eberm.). 54 Cascara (Frangula purshiana Cooper). 55 Catâ ™s Claw [Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.]. 56 Chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Chamaemelum nobile L.]. 57 Chaparral [Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Vail]. 58 Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.). 59 Clove and Eugenol [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry]. 60 Colocynth [Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.]. 61 Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.). 62 Comfrey and Other Pyrrolizidine-Containing Plants. 63 Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton). 64 Dong Quai [Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels]. 65 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium Schultz Bip.). 66 Garlic (Allium sativum L.). 67 Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys L.). 68 Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). 69 Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba L.). 70 Ginseng. 71 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.). 72 Hawthorn (Crataegus Species). 73 Impila, Pine Thistle, and Atractyloside. 74 Jin Bu Huan and Tetrahydropalmatine. 75 Juniper (Juniper communis L.). 76 Kava (Piper methysticum Forster). 77 Lavender (Lavandula Species). 78 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Species). 79 Ma Huang (Ephedra Alkaloids) 80 Milk Thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner]. 81 Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.). 82 Pennyroyal and Pulegone (Mentha pulegium L.). 83 Purple Coneflower and Other Echinacea Species. 84 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). 85 Rue (Ruta graveolens L.). 86 Sassafras [Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees]. 87 Saw Palmetto [Serenoa repens (Bartram) J.K. Small]. 88 Senna (Senna alexandrina P. Mill.). 89 Skullcap (Scutellaria laterifl ora L.). 90 St. Johnâ ™s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). 91 Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. F. and Illicium anisatum L.). 92 Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.). 93 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). 94 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). 95 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) 96 Yohimbe Bark and Yohimbine (Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre ex Beille). II Essential Oils. 97 Citronella Oil [Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle]. 98 Citrus Oil and Limonene. 99 Eucalyptus Oil (Eucalyptus Species). 100 Neem Oil (Margosa Oil) (Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.). 101 Peppermint Oil (Mentha x piperita L.). 102 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Species). 103 Tung Oil (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.). 104 Turpentine and Pine Oil (Pinus Species). PART 4 TOXIC PLANTS. I Plant Dermatitis. 105 Plant Dermatitis. II Bulbs, Rhizomes, and Tubers. 106 Buttercup Family. 107 Colchicine-Containing Plants. 108 Daffodils and Other Emetic Bulbs. 109 Death Camas. 110 Kaffir Lily [Clivia miniata (Lindley) Bosse]. 111 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis L.). 112 Zephyr Lily (Zephyranthes Species). III Beans. 113 Castor Bean and Ricin (Ricinus communis L.). 114 Cowitch and Horse Eye Bean (Mucuna Species). 115 Jequirity Bean and Abrin (Abrus precatorius L.). 116 Mescal Bean [Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lagasca ex DC.]. IV Nonwoody Plants (Herbs). 117 Aconite Poisoning and Monkshood. 118 African Blue Lily (Agapanthus Species). 119 Red Baneberry [Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.]. 120 Begonias. 121 Yellow Bird-of-Paradise [Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) Wallich ex D. Dietr.]. 122 Century Plant (Agave americana L.). 123 Cleistanthin, Diterpene Esters, and the Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae). 124 Cyanogenic Plants and LaetrileÂ. 125 Dieffenbachia and Other Oxalate-Containing House Plants. 126 Digitalis-Containing Flowers (Foxglove, Lily of the Valley). 127 Jimson Weed and Other Belladonna Alkaloids. 128 Lupines and False Lupine. 129 Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L.). 130 Mistletoe. 131 Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). 132 Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.). 133 European Bittersweet and Other Solanum Species. 134 Sweet Pea and Osteolathyrism. 135 Tree Tobacco and Other Piperidine-Containing Plants. 136 Veratrum Alkaloids. 137 Wandering Jew (Tradescantia fl uminensis Vellozo). 138 Water Hemlock and Water Dropwort. 139 White Snakeroot [Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins]. V Shrubs and Vines. 140 Barbados Nut (Jatropha curcas L.). 141 Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.). 142 Buckthorn [Karwinskia humboldtiana (J.A. Schultes) Zucc.] 143 Cactus. 144 Carolina Jessamine [Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) St. Hil.]. 145 Daphne (Daphne mezereum L.). 146 Dog Laurel (Leucothoe Species). 147 Dogbane Family and Cardenolides. 148 Holly (Ilex Species). 149 Honeysuckle (Lonicera Species). 150 Ivy and Falcarinol. 151 Lantana (Lantana camara L.). 152 Rhododendrons and Grayanotoxins. 153 Snowberry [Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake)]. 154 Squirting Cucumber [Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Richard]. 155 Wisteria. VI Trees. 156 Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). 157 Buckeye (Aesculus Species). 158 Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.). 159 Golden Chain Tree (Laburnum anagyroides Medikus). 160 Karaka Nut (Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. & G. Forst.). 161 Oaks (Quercus Species). 162 Pepper Tree (Schinus Species). 163 Yew (Taxus Species). PART 5 VENOMOUS ANIMALS. I Arthropods. A Arachnids. 164 Mites and Ticks (Order: Acari). 165 Scorpions (Order: Scorpiones). 166 Spiders (Order: Araneae). B Centipedes. 167 Centipedes (Subclass: Chilopoda). C Insects. 168 Bees, Wasps, and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera). 169 Bugs and Blister Beetles. 170 Fleas (Order: Siphonaptera). 171 Flies and Mosquitoes (Order: Diptera). 172 Lice (Order: Phthiraptera). 173 Moths and Butterflies (Order: Lepidoptera). II Reptiles. 174 Amphibiansâ Toads, Frogs, Salamanders, and Newts (Class: Amphibia). 175 Gila Monster and Beaded Lizard. 176 Terrestrial Snakes (Suborder: Serpentes). 177 Sea Snakes. III Marine Invertebrates. 178 Cone Shells and Blue-Ringed Octopus (Phylum: Mollusca). 179 Jellyfish, Hydroids, Sea Anemones, and Corals (Phylum: Cnidaria). 180 Sponges (Phylum: Porifera). 181 Starfish, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, and Fireworms (Phylum: Echinodermata). IV Eels and Lampreys. 182 Moray Eel (Superclass: Agnatha). V Fish. 183 Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes). 184 Cartilaginous Fish (Class: Chondrichthyes). VI Mammals. 185 Mammals. PART 1 SYNTHETIC and SEMISYNTHETIC CHEMICALS 1 I Amphetamines and Phenethylamine Derivatives 3 1 Amphetamine and Methamphetamine 3 2 Methylphenidate 57 3 Prolintane 69 4 Propylhexedrine 72 II Club Drugs 77 5 Flunitrazepam 77 6 Gamma Hydroxybutyrate and Related Drugs 89 7 Ketamine 110 8 Methcathinone, Mephedrone, and Methylone 120 9 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy, MDMA) 126 Nicholas A. Buckley, MD 10 Psychoactive Phenethylamine, Piperazine, and Pyrrolidinophenone Derivatives 156 Brandon Wills, DO, MS, Timothy Erickson, MD 11 Tryptamine Designer Drugs 193 III Eating Disorders and Appetite Suppressants 200 12 Diuretics, Ipecac, and Laxatives 200 Cyrus Rangan, MD 13 Noradrenergic Agents 233 Cyrus Rangan, MD 14 Serotoninergic and Mixed Agents 255 IV Ergogenic Agents and Supplements 275 15 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids 275 16 Clenbuterol and Salbutamol (Albuterol) 295 James Rhee, MD, Timothy Erickson, MD 17 Erythropoietin Stimulation and Other Blood Doping Methods 306 James Rhee, MD, Timothy Erickson, MD 18 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin 326 19 Human Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 334 20 Nutritional Supplements 351 V Ethanol 365 21 Ethanol 365 VI Lysergic Acid Diethylamide 452 22 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 452 VII Older Sedative Hypnotic Drugs 467 23 Barbiturates (Amobarbital, Butalbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital) 467 24 Ethchlorvynol 486 25 Glutethimide 491 26 Meprobamate 497 27 Methaqualone and Related Compounds 504 VIII Opioids 514 28 Buprenorphine 514 29 Dextromethorphan 527 30 Fentanyl Analogues 539 31 Heroin and the Opium Poppy Plant (Papaver somniferum L.) 546 32 Methadone 579 33 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) 603 IX Phencyclidine 608 34 Phencyclidine and Phencyclidine Analogues 608 X Volatile Substances of Abuse 633 35 Volatile Substance Abuse 633 A Anesthetics 642 36 Chloroform 642 37 Ethers 647 38 Halogenated Ethers (Enflurane, Isoflurane, Methoxyflurane, Sevoflurane) 653 39 Halothane 664 40 Nitrous Oxide 670 B Fluorinated Alkanes 676 41 Fluorinated Alkanes 676 C Industrial Hydrocarbons 684 42 Butane, Isobutane, and Propane 684 43 Ethyl Chloride 691 44 Gasoline 695 45 n-Hexane 702 46 Methanol 709 47 Naphthalene and para-Dichlorobenzene (Mothballs) 716 48 Toluene 725 49 Trichloroethane 737 50 Trichloroethylene 743 D Nitrogen Compounds 751 51 Amyl and Butyl Nitrites 751 PART 2 PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS 759 52 Absinthe 761 53 Ayahuasca, Harmala Alkaloids, and Dimethyltryptamines 768 54 Betel Quid and Areca Nut 781 55 Caffeine 788 56 Cocaine 805 57 Ibogaine (Tabernanthe iboga Baill.) 867 58 Khat (Catha edulis (Vahl) Forsskal ex Endl.) and Cathinone 873 59 Kratom [Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.] 880 60 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) and Synthetic Cannabinoids 886 61 Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) 932 62 Morning Glory Family (Convolvulaceae) 938 63 Peyote [Lophophora williamsii (Lem. Ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.] and Mescaline 944 64 Psilocybin and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms 950 65 Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa and Salvinorin A 961 66 Tobacco, Nicotine, and Pituri 968 INDEX 993