Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Newborn

We have all been hypoxic. Fetal tolerance for intrauterine hypoxia arises from evolutionarily conserved physiological mechanisms, the antecedents of which can be learned from diving mammals or species at high altitude. Understanding fetal hypoxia leads to understanding the huge physiological shifts of neonatal transition, and the dangers of perinatal hypoxia.

This comprehensive volume of topical review articles by expert authors addresses the origins of hypoxia tolerance, the impact of oxygen on circulatory transition at birth, and the biochemistry of hypoxia in the pulmonary circuit, as well as the classification, diagnosis and clinical management of hypoxic respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension in the term neonate.

The goal of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Newborn is to connect our understanding of hypoxia from animals in extreme environments, with how the human fetus handles its hypoxic environment; and why the human newborn suddenly cannot. The book will educate health care professionals on how to care for newborns with hypoxic respiratory failure, including use of up-to-date diagnostic tools and therapies. It will also highlight areas of controversy and ongoing research in hypoxic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, including challenging case studies.

Key Features

    Explores evolutionary context and comparative physiology of hypoxia tolerance in fetus and neonate, from basic research to clinical scenarios

    Provides guidance to trainees, physicians and allied health professionals engaged in NICU care; pediatricians, cardiologists, pulmonologists, anesthesiologists, neonatologists and physiologists, to effectively manage infants in hypoxic respiratory failure

    Includes case scenarios emphasizing current diagnostic and therapeutic controversies, and algorithmic approaches to decipher difficult clinical cases.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
Shyamala Dakshinamurti, William K. Milsom, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Steven H. Abman, Po-Yin Cheung, Patrick McNamara

Part 1: The Origins of Hypoxia Tolerance   
edited by William K. Milsom

2. The Human Fetus and Metabolic Adaptations to Hypoxia
Dominique Singer

3. Hypoxia as a Neuroinflammatory Stimulus During Development
Peter M. MacFarlane, Allison S. Osborne

4. Human Adaptations to High Altitude
Tatum Simonson

5. Fetal Llama Adaptation to Altitude in the Andean Altiplano
Aníbal J. Llanos, German Ebensperger, Emilio A. Herrera, Roberto V. Reyes, María Serón-Ferré

6. Neonates of Burrowing and Hibernating Mammals: Metabolic and Respiratory Adaptations to Hypoxia
Yvonne A. Dzal, William K. Milsom

7. Diving Response and Hypoxia in Deep Sea Mammals
Allyson Hindle

8. The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Cardiorespiratory Coupling in Vertebrates and its Relevance to Non-Invasive Monitoring of the Human Fetus
Edwin W. Taylor, Harry Gee

Part 2:  Fetal Hypoxia and Neonatal Transition   
edited by Satyan Lakshminrusimha

9. Fetal and Neonatal Oxygen Environment
Payam Vali, Robin H. Steinhorn, Satyan Lakshminrusimha

10. Fetal Oxygenation During Maternal Hypoxic Illness
Fabiana Postolow, Shyamala Dakshinamurti

11. Hemodynamics of the Circulatory Transition
Graeme R. Polglase, Martin Kluckow, Andrew W. Gill, Stuart B. Hooper

12. Oxygen During Postnatal Stabilization
Maximo Vento, Ola D. Saugstad

Part 3: Biology of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Neonate
edited by Steven H. Abman

13. Hypoxia and Pulmonary Artery Structure
Csaba Galambos, Steven H. Abman

14. Animal Models of PPHN and Vasoconstrictor Signaling in Hypoxia
Candice D. Fike, Judy L. Aschner

15. Hypoxia and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Lung
Emily Callan, Girija Ganesh Konduri

16. Effects of Hypoxia on Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
Shyamala Dakshinamurti, Anjali Y. Bhagirath, Robert P. Jankov

17. Cellular Oxygen Sensing, Mitochondrial Oxygen Sensing and Reactive Oxygen Species
Jason Boehme, Emin Maltepe

18. Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Animal Models of Pulmonary Hypertension
Stephen Wedgwood, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Robin H. Steinhorn

19. Hypoxia, Myocardial Metabolic Adaptation and Right Ventricular Performance
Mark K. Friedberg

20. Hypoxic Remodeling of Neonatal Pulmonary Artery and Myocardium
Hui Zhang, R. Dale Brown, Jason Williams, Cassidy Delaney, Kurt R. Stenmark

21. Hypoxia-Induced Epigenetic Mechanisms of Pulmonary Hypertension
Kurt H. Albertine

Part 4:  Hypoxia and Collateral Damage  
edited by Po-Yin Cheung

22. The Effects of Hypoxia Ischemia on the Term Brain, and A Strategic Approach
Aravanan Anbu Chakkarapani, Nicola J. Robertson

23. Effects of Hypoxia on Cerebral Perfusion and the Blood-Brain Barrier
Divyen K. Shah, W. L. Amelia Lee, David F. Wertheim, Stephen T. Kempley

24. Effects of Hypoxia on Airway, Alveolar Function and Respiration
Y.S. Prakash, Christina M. Pabelick, Peter M. MacFarlane

25. Hypoxic Respiratory Failure and the Neonatal Kidney
Catherine Morgan, Po-Yin Cheung

26. The Effect of Hypoxia on Intestinal Function
Eric B. Ortigoza, Josef Neu

27. Effects of Hypoxia on Perinatal Drug Disposition
Karel Allegaert, Anne Smits, Pieter Annaert

28. Anesthetic Considerations for the Neonate with Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
M. Ruth Graham

Part 5: Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Hypoxic Respiratory Failure 
edited by Patrick J. McNamara

29. Epidemiology and Outcomes of Infants with Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
Souvik Mitra, Roberta L. Keller, Prakesh S. Shah

30. Clinical Evaluation of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
Yasser Elsayed, Shyamala Dakshinamurti

31. Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension by Echocardiography
Danielle R. Rios, Patrick J. McNamara, Regan E. Giesinger

32. Right Ventricular Performance and Ventricular Interdependence in Hypoxia
Afif El Khuffash, Philip T. Levy

33. Ventilation Strategies in Neonatal Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
Bradley A. Yoder, Michelle J. Yang, Nicholas R. Carr, Martin Keszler

34. Pulmonary Hypertension Phenotypes in the Newborn
Regan E. Giesinger, John P. Kinsella, Steven H. Abman, Patrick J. McNamara

35. Special Consideration: HRF in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Gabriel Altit, Jason Gien, Nolan DeLeon, Richard Keijzer

36. Special Consideration: Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Among Patients with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Arvind Sehgal, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Regan E. Giesinger

37. Special Consideration: HRF in the Preterm
Michelle Baczynski, Amish Jain, Dany E. Weisz

38. Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure – Neonatal Cases
Adrianne Rahde Bischoff, Faith Zhu, Amish Jain, Patrick J. McNamara

Dr Shyamala Dakshinamurti is a neonatologist and biomedical researcher, Professor of Pediatrics and Physiology at the University of Manitoba, Canada, and member of the Biology of Breathing theme, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba.

About Section Editors

Dr William K. Milsom is a comparative physiologist and Emeritus Professor of Zoology at the University of British Columbia, Canada.

Dr Satyan Lakshminrusimha is a neonatologist, and the Dennis and Nancy Marks Chair and Professor of Pediatrics at the University of California at Davis, Sacramento USA.

Dr Steven H. Abman is Professor of Pediatrics and Director of the Pediatric Heart Lung Center at the University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine and the Children’s Hospital Colorado, USA.

Dr Po-Yin Cheung is a neonatologist of the Northern Alberta Neonatal Program of Alberta Health Services, and a full Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Surgery at the University of Alberta, Canada.

Dr Patrick McNamara is a staff neonatologist and Director of the Division of Neonatology at the University of Iowa Stead Family Children’s Hospital, and Professor of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, USA