Biomarkers of Kidney Disease

Table of Contents:

    Dedication
    List of Contributors
    Preface
    Chapter One: Characteristics of an Ideal Biomarker of Kidney Diseases
        Abstract
        The Discovery of Biomarkers
        Characteristics of an Ideal Biomarker
        Biomarkers in AKI
        Biomarkers in CKD
        Conclusions and Future Directions
    Chapter Two: Statistical Considerations in Analysis and Interpretation of Biomarker Studies
        Abstract
        Introduction
        Planning a Study
        Metrics for Prediction Performance
        Sample-Size Calculations
        Evaluating Incremental Value
        Summary
    Chapter Three: The Role of Metabolomics in the Study of Kidney Diseases and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools
        Summary
        Introduction
        Metabolic Mapping of the Kidney
        Nontargeted and Targeted Metabolomics
        The Sample
        Analytical Technologies
        Metabolic Molecular Marker Discovery and Development
        Metabolomics in Renal Research: Kidney Function, Disease, and Injury Markers
        Metabolomics as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool in Nephrology
    Chapter Four: The Role of Proteomics in the Study of Kidney Diseases and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools
        Abstract
        Introduction
        Nontargeted and Targeted Proteomics
        Proteins and the Kidney
        The Proteomics Sample
        Analytical Technologies
        Proteomics in Renal Research and as a Marker for Kidney Function, Disease, and Injury
        Proteomics as Clinical Diagnostic Tool in Nephrology
    Chapter Five: Cystatin C as a Multifaceted Biomarker in Kidney Disease and Its Role in Defining “Shrunken Pore Syndrome”
        Abstract
        Factors Influencing the Diagnostic Performance of Cystatin C- or Creatinine-Based GFR-Estimating Equations and Causing the Plethora of Equations: The Concepts of “Internal” or “External” Validation
        Optimizing the Use of Cystatin C- and Creatinine-Based GFR-Estimating Equations
        Cystatin C and Creatinine (eGFRcystatin C and eGFRcreatinine) as Markers of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), Hospitalization, Cardiovascular Disease, and Death
        Identification of “Shrunken Pore Syndrome”: Its Influence on Mortality
        Cystatin C as an Indictor of the Circadian Rhythm of GFR
        Cystatin C as an Indicator of “Renal Reserve”
    Chapter Six: Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury
        Abstract
        Introduction
        Definition and Classification of AKI
        Serum Creatinine in AKI
        Biology of Biomarkers
        Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of AKI (Table 6.2)
        Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of AKI (Table 6.3)
        Biomarkers That Predict Short-Term Outcomes (Table 6.4)
        Biomarkers for Risk Stratification of Patients With Existing AKI (Table 6.5)
        Biomarkers of AKI and Long-Term Outcomes
        Biomarkers of Subclinical AKI (Table 6.6)
        The Effect of Interventions on Biomarkers of AKI (Table 6.7)
        Biomarkers of AKI in the ICU (Table 6.8)
        Urinary Stability Studies for Biomarkers of AKI
        Combinations of AKI Biomarkers
        TIMP2 and IGFBP7 (Table 6.9)
        Conclusions
    Chapter Seven: Biomarkers of Extra-Renal Complications of AKI
        Abstract
        AKI and Inflammation
        Serum Cytokines are Increased in Patients With AKI
        Pulmonary Complications of AKI
        Summary
    Chapter Eight: Biomarkers in Kidney Transplantation
        Abstract
        Biomarkers: An Overview
        Biomarkers of AKI Posttransplantation
        Biomarkers of Acute Rejection
        Biomarkers of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy
        Biomarkers of Polyoma Virus Infection
        Summary
    Chapter Nine: Biomarkers of Renal Cancer
        Abstract
        Renal Cancer
        Cancer Biomarkers-General Concepts
        Renal Cancer Biomarkers
        Conclusions
        Acknowledgments
    Chapter Ten: Proteomics and Advancements in Urinary Biomarkers of Diabetics Kidney Disease
        Abstract
        Introduction
        Urinary Peptides as Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease
        Future Developments and Applications of Proteomics for Biomarker Discovery
    Chapter Eleven: Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease
        Abstract
        Introduction
        The Definition of CKD and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: GFR, Albuminuria, and Proteinuria
        Cardiac Biomarkers in CKD
        Summary
    Chapter Twelve: Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
        Abstract
        Genetic Testing for Diagnosis and Prognosis
        Total Kidney Volume
        Renal Blood Flow
        Serum and Urine Biomarkers
    Chapter Thirteen: Biomarkers in Glomerular Disease
        Abstract
        Biomarkers in Glomerular Diseases
        Predictors of Outcome in Glomerular Diseases
        Biomarkers in Lupus Nephritis
        Predictors of Lupus Nephritis Class
        Biomarkers that Predict Renal Lupus Flares
        Membranous Nephropathy
        Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
        Minimal Change Disease
        CD80/B7-1 in Minimal Change and FSGS
        IgA Nephropathy
        Discovery of New Biomarkers Using Proteomics
    Chapter Fourteen: Biomarkers in Preeclampsia
        Abstract
        Definition and Prevalence of the Disease
        Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
        Clinical Manifestations
        Diagnosis
        Biomarkers
        Novel Biomarkers and Future Perspectives
        Conclusions
        Abbreviations
    Index