Cancer Chemotherapy

Provides a clear and accessible summary of all stages and aspects of the discovery, design, development, validation and clinical use of anticancer drugs

This new edition provides an update on the current state of the art of cancer chemotherapy and clinical practice and presents new pipeline anticancer agents and promising therapeutic strategies that are emerging alongside new breakthroughs in cancer biology. Its unique approach enables students to gain an understanding of the pathological, physiological, and molecular processes governing malignancy, while also introducing the role of health professionals and scientists in the research and treatment of cancer.

Invaluable for its clarity and accessibility, Cancer Chemotherapy: Basic Science to the Clinic, 2nd Edition offers complete coverage of the scientific and clinical aspects of the creation, development, and administration of drugs or drug regimens used in the treatment of the disease. Chapters look at: cancer epidemiology and histopathology; carcinogenesis; current research; tumor hypoxia; antiangiogenic and antivascular agents; protein kinase and Ras blockers; new targets associated with development such as Hedgehog and Wnt signaling; stem cells; immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses; and more.

    Presents a clear, accessible, and comprehensive approach to cancer chemotherapy from basic science to clinical practice
    Offers a major update that reflects the latest developments in personalized chemotherapy
    Provides in-depth coverage of advances in biomarker diagnostics
    Includes new chapters/sections on bioinformatics and the ‘omic sciences’; pharmaceutical strategies used to achieve tumor-selective drug delivery; and cancer cell autophagy
    Combines descriptions of both clinical protocol and explanations of the drug design process in one self-contained book
    Features numerous diagrams and illustrations to enhance reader understanding

Aimed at upper undergraduate, graduate, and medical students, Cancer Chemotherapy: Basic Science to the Clinic, 2nd Edition is also an excellent reference for health professional, especially clinicians specializing in Clinical Oncology, and their patients who want to gain an understanding of cancer and available treatment options

Table of contents

Preface

About the companion website:

1 Cancer epidemiology

1.1 Cancer incidence and mortality

1.2 Childhood cancer

1.3 Global epidemiology

1.4 Cancer survival rates

1.5 Summary and conclusions

1.6 Additional sources

2 Cancer histopathology

2.1 Cancer morphology, phenotype, and nomenclature

2.2 Apoptosis

2.3 Necrosis

2.4 Autophagy and others

2.5 Summary and conclusions

2.6 Additional sources

3 Carcinogenesis

3.1 Initiation

3.2 Promotion

3.3 Progression and environmental carcinogens

3.4 Cell Cycle

3.5 Summary and conclusions

3.6 Additional sources

4 Molecular biology of cancer

4.1 Oncogenes: disruptors and instigators

4.2 Cellular oncogenes

4.3 Viral oncogenes

4.4 Altered oncogenic products

4.5 Biological carcinogens

4.6 Tumor suppressor genes

4.7 Familial cancers and cancer syndromes

4.8 Summary and conclusions

4.9 Additional sources

5 Cancer Metastasis

5.1 Detachment from the primary tumor

5.2 Migration of cancer cells from primary tumor

5.3 Intravasation of tumor cells into vessels

5.4 Metastatic transport

5.5 Extravasation

5.6 Growth of the metastatic tumor mass

5.7 Cancer dormancy

5.8 Extracellular matrix and tumor microenvironment

5.9 Seed and soil

5.10 Summary and conclusions

5.11 Additional sources

6 Health professionals and cancer treatment

6.1 Pathology

6.2 Radiology

6.3 Biopsies

6.4 Surgical treatment

6.5 Oncology pharmacy

6.6 Oncology nursing

6.7 Artificial intelligence and healthcare

6.8 Summary and conclusions

6.9 Additional sources

7 Principles of cancer chemotherapy

7.1 Staging, treatment, and monitoring

7.2 General types of chemotherapy

7.3 Biomarker uses and limitations

7.4 Pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and personalized medicine

7.5 Summary and conclusions

7.6 Additional sources

8 Cytotoxic compounds

8.1 Alkylating agents

8.2 Intercalating agents

8.3 Topoisomerase blockers

8.4 Tubulin disruptors

8.5 Summary and conclusions

8.6 Additional sources

9 Antimetabolites and hormonal blockers

9.1 Nucleic acid analogs

9.2 Folate Analogs

9.3 Amino acid blockers

9.4 Hormone modulators

9.5 Estrogen antagonists

9.6 Aromatase inhibitors

9.7 Antiandrogens

9.8 Endocrine therapy

9.9 Summary and conclusions

9.10 Additional sources

10  Cancer research

10.1 Gel electrophoresis methods

10.2 Polymerase chain reaction

10.3 Molecular cloning

10.4 Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence

10.5 Mass spectroscopy and proteomics

10.6 Genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics

10.7 Microarrays

10.8 Cell culture and exogenous expression strategies

10.9 Protein expression and targeting

10.10 Targeting RNA

10.11 Targeting the genome

10.12 Animal models

10.13 Delivery systems

10.14 Resources

10.15 Summary and conclusions

10.16 Additional Sources

11 Clinical trials

11.1 Clinical trial design

11.2 Clinical trials governance and quality assurance

11.3 Clinical trial ethics

11.4 Clinical trial study schema

11.5 Measurement of clinical endpoints, response and outcomes

11.6 Local and national organization of clinical trials

11.7 Summary and conclusions

11.8 Additional Sources

12 Tumor hypoxia

12.1 Effects of hypoxia on chemotherapy

12.2 Energy reprogramming and the Warburg effect

12.3 Hypoxia inducible factor

12.4 Lactate dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase

12.5 Hypoxic vascularization and imaging

12.6 Bioreductive drugs

12.7 Summary and conclusions

12.8 Additional Sources

13 Antiangiogenic and antivascular agents

13.1 History antiangiogenic chemotherapy

13.2 Endogenous integrin blockers

13.3 Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors

13.4 Synthetic integrin blockers

13.5 The return of thalidomide

13.6 Vascular disrupting agents

13.7 Antiangiogenic antibodies

13.8 Summary and conclusions

13.9 Additional Sources

14 Protein kinase and Ras blockers

14.1 Signal transduction

14.2 Receptor tyrosine kinase blockers

14.3 Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase blockers

14.4 Receptor serine/threonine kinase blockers

14.5 Nonreceptor serine/threonine and multiple kinase blockers

14.6 Ras and PLC blockers

14.7 Summary and conclusions

14.8 Additional sources

15 Modulating global gene and protein expression

15.1 Stress protein inhibitors

15.2 Proteasome inhibitors

15.3 Ubiquitin ligase inhibitors

15.4 HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitors

15.5 DNA methylation inhibitors

15.6 Summary and conclusions

15.7 Additional sources

16 Stem cells - Telomerase, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, and galectins

16.1 Telomerase blockers

16.2 Wnt blockers

16.3 Hedgehog blockers

16.4 Notch blockers

16.5 Galectin blockers

16.6 Summary and conclusions

16.7 Additional sources

17 Immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses

17.1 Immunization

17.2 Checkpoint blockers

17.3 Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells

17.4 Oncolytic viruses

17.5 Summary and conclusions

17.6 Additional sources

18 Pharmaceutical problems in cancer chemotherapy

18.1 Manifestation of toxicity

18.2 Regimen-related toxicity

18.3 Secondary malignancies

18.4 Drug resistance

18.5 Pharmaceutical complications

18.6 Phlebitis and venous irritation

18.7 Health and safety

18.8 National guidance on the safe administration of intrathecal chemotherapy

18.9 Additional Sources

Index

Gary S. Goldberg, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA.

Rachel E. Airley, PhD, is Senior Lecturer in Pharmacology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK