Imaging in Spine Surgery

Imaging in Spine Surgery tailors the highly regarded Diagnostic Imaging series templates with radiology images and color graphics to the needs of neurosurgeons, orthopedic spine surgeons, pain management and rehab (PM&R) physicians, and anesthesiologists. It provides clinical information for diagnosis and appropriate care for the patient, resulting in the perfect comprehensive text for spine surgeons.

Table of Contents:

SECTION 1: NORMAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUES

Normal Anatomy Overview

Craniovertebral Junction

Cervical Spine

Thoracic Spine

Lumbar Spine

Measurement Techniques

Normal Postoperative Change: Disc Space

Normal Postoperative Change: Epidural Space

Metal Artifact

SECTION 2: DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION

Devices and Instrumentation Overview

Plates and Screws

Cages

Subaxial Posterior Instrumentation

Transpedicular Screw Fixation

Cervical Artificial Disc

Lumbar Artificial Disc

Interspinous Spacing Devices

Scoliosis and Devices Instrumentation

Pumps and Catheters

SECTION 3: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS

BONY VARIATIONS

C2-C3 Fusion

C1 Assimilation

Ponticulus Posticus

Ossiculum Terminale

Paracondylar Process

Condylus Tertius

Posterior Arch Rachischisis

Split Atlas

DIAGNOSES

Odontoid Hypoplasia/Aplasia

C1 Dysmorphism/Hypoplastic Arch

Chiari 1

Complex Chiari

Chiari 2

Chiari 3

Myelomeningocele

Lipomyelomeningocele

Lipoma

Dorsal Dermal Sinus

Simple Coccygeal Dimple

Dermoid Cysts

Epidermoid Cysts

Tethered Spinal Cord

Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis

Caudal Regression Syndrome

Terminal Myelocystocele

Anterior Sacral Meningocele

Occult Intrasacral Meningocele

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

Klippel-Feil Spectrum

Failure of Vertebral Formation

Vertebral Segmentation Failure

Diastematomyelia

Neurenteric Cyst

Os Odontoideum

Lateral Meningocele

GENETIC

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis Type 2

Down Syndrome

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Achondroplasia

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia

SECTION 4: DISORDERS OF ALIGNMENT

Introduction to Scoliosis

Scoliosis

Kyphosis

Degenerative Scoliosis

Scoliosis Instrumentation

Spondylolisthesis

Instability

SECTION 5: TRAUMA

VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS

Fracture Classification

Atlantooccipital Dislocation

Ligamentous Injury

Occipital Condyle Fracture

Jefferson C1 Fracture

Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation

Odontoid C2 Fracture

Burst C2 Fracture

Hangman's C2 Fracture

Apophyseal Ring Fracture

Cervical Hyperflexion Injury

Cervical Hyperextension Injury

Cervical Burst Fracture

Traumatic Disc Herniation

Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture

Fracture Dislocation

Chance Fracture

Anterior Compression Fracture

Sacral Insufficiency Fracture

CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS

Posttraumatic Syrinx

Presyrinx Edema

Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma

Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation

Traumatic Epidural Hematoma

Traumatic Subdural Hematoma

SECTION 6: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES

DEGENERATIVE DISEASE

Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease

Degenerative Disc Disease

Degenerative Endplate Changes

Disc Bulge

Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc

Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal

Cervical Facet Arthropathy

Lumbar Facet Arthropathy

Facet Joint Synovial Cyst

Baastrup Disease

Bertolotti Syndrome

Schmorl Node

Scheuermann Disease

Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis

Congenital Spinal Stenosis

Cervical Spondylosis

DISH

OPLL

Ossification Ligamentum Flavum

Periodontoid Pseudotumor

Spondylolysis

INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES

Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy

Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy

Ankylosing Spondylitis

CPPD

Gout

SECTION 7: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

INFECTION

Pathways of Spread

Pyogenic Osteomyelitis

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis

Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis, C1-C2

Septic Facet Joint Arthritis

Paraspinal Abscess

Epidural Abscess

Abscess, Spinal Cord

INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE

Acute Transverse Myelopathy

Multiple Sclerosis

Neuromyelitis Optica

ADEM

Sarcoidosis

Grisel Syndrome

IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis

SECTION 8: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES

EXTRADURAL NEOPLASMS

Spread of Neoplasms

Blastic Osseous Metastases

Lytic Osseous Metastases

Hemangioma

Osteoid Osteoma

Osteoblastoma

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

Giant Cell Tumor

Osteochondroma

Chondrosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Chordoma

Ewing Sarcoma

Lymphoma

Leukemia

Plasmacytoma

Multiple Myeloma

Neuroblastic Tumor

INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY

Schwannoma

Meningioma

Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma

Neurofibroma

Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors

Metastases, CSF Disseminated

Paraganglioma

INTRAMEDULLARY

Astrocytoma

Cellular Ependymoma

Myxopapillary Ependymoma

Hemangioblastoma

Spinal Cord Metastases

Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma

NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS

CYSTS

CSF Flow Artifact

Meningeal Cyst

Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst

Syringomyelia

TUMOR MIMICS

Fibrous Dysplasia

Kümmell Disease

Hirayama Disease

Paget Disease

Bone Infarction

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Tumoral Calcinosis

SECTION 9: VASCULAR DISORDERS

Vascular Anatomy

Approach to Vascular Conditions

Type 1 Vascular Malformation (Dural Arteriovenous Fistula)

Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation

Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation

Type 4 Vascular Malformation (Arteriovenous Fistula)

Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage

Cavernous Malformation

Spinal Artery Aneurysm

Spinal Cord Infarction

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma

Subdural Hematoma

Bow Hunter Syndrome

Vertebral Dissection

Carotid Dissection

Fibromuscular Dysplasia

SECTION 10: COMPLICATIONS

Complications Overview

Myelography Complications

Vertebroplasty Complications

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

Epidural Abscess, Postop

Disc Space Infection

Meningitis

CSF Leakage Syndrome

Pseudomeningocele

Direct Cord Trauma

Vascular Injury

Epidural Hematoma, Spine

Instrumentation Failure

Bone Graft Complications

rhBMP-2 Complications

Heterotopic Bone Formation

Recurrent Disc Herniation

Peridural Fibrosis

Arachnoiditis/Adhesions

Arachnoiditis Ossificans

Accelerated Degeneration

Postsurgical Deformity

Radiation Myelopathy

SECTION 11: REMOTE COMPLICATIONS

Remote Complications Overview

Donor Site Complications

Deep Venous Thrombosis

Pulmonary Embolism

Aspiration Pneumonia

Acute Myocardial Infarction

Cerebral Infarction

Cerebellar Hemorrhage

Intracranial Hypotension

Extraaxial Hematoma, Brain

Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage

Retroperitoneal Lymphocele

Ophthalmic Complications

Esophageal Perforation

Acute Pancreatitis

Pseudomembranous Colitis (Clostridium difficile)

Rhabdomyolysis

Bowel Perforation

Ureteral Trauma

SECTION 12: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Basilar Invagination

Basilar Impression

Cranial Settling

Platybasia

Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion

Foramen Magnum Mass

SECTION 13: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXUS

Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy

Superior Sulcus Tumor

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Muscle Denervation

Brachial Plexus Traction Injury

Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis

Traumatic Neuroma

Radiation Plexopathy

Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor

Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis

Hypertrophic Neuropathy

Femoral Neuropathy

Ulnar Neuropathy

Suprascapular Neuropathy

Median Neuropathy

Common Peroneal Neuropathy

Tibial Neuropathy

SECTION 14: IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURES

CERVICAL SPINE

Medial Branch Block, Cervical Spine

Facet Joint Injection, Cervical Spine

Selective Nerve Root Block, Cervical Spine

Epidural Steroid Injection, Cervical Spine

THORACIC SPINE

Medial Branch Block, Thoracic Spine

Facet Joint Injection, Thoracic Spine

Selective Nerve Root Block, Thoracic Spine

Epidural Steroid Injection, Thoracic Spine

LUMBAR SPINE

Medial Branch Block, Lumbar Spine

Facet Joint Injection, Lumbar Spine

Selective Nerve Root Block, Lumbar Spine

Epidural Steroid Injection, Lumbar Spine

VERTEBRAL BODY

Vertebroplasty

Kyphoplasty

Sacroplasty

Vertebral Biopsy

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

Percutaneous Discectomy

Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy

Nucleoplasty

Disc Aspiration/Biopsy

PELVIS

Pelvis Anatomy

Sacroiliac Joint Injection

Sacral Nerve Root Block

Piriformis Steroid Injection

 

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, Senior Associate Consultant Neuroradiology Division Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Arizona Professor of Radiology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Phoenix, Arizona ; Bernard R Bendock, MD, FAANS, Chair, Neurologic Surgery in Arizona William J. and Charles H. Mayo Professor Professor of Neurosurgery Mayo Clinic Arizona Phoenix, Arizona and Jamal McClendon, Jr., MD, Senior Associate Consultant Neurological Surgery Mayo Clinic Arizona Phoenix, Arizona